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Sociology: Co-Operation, Competition and Conflict: Types of Co-Operation and Characteristics of Competition
Social Process as Social Interaction
- Social processes are abstract and unconscious in nature, whereas social interaction is concrete, based on reciprocity, real and social contact situation. This depends upon the nature of interaction, which may include the historical, cultural, political and economic, religious and social aspects. Interaction refers to an action done in response to another action in past. It becomes social process when interaction is repeated. Social process and social interaction are inter related to one another and one can՚t exist without the other.
- Social processes mean various modes of interaction between individuals or groups including co-operation and conflict, social differentiation and integration, development, arrest and decay.
- Social interaction is concrete, real and based on communication, social contact and reciprocal relationship. Hence this is a complex process and comprises three major forms of interaction: co-operation, conflict and competition.
Co-Operation
Co-operation generally means working together for a common objective.
Types of Co-Operation
Direct Co-Operation
When individuals perform similar actions together it is direct co-operation like farming
Indirect Co-Operation
Here people perform dissimilar actions towards a common end with each having a specialised role like building a house
Primary Co-Operation
Found in primary groups such as family, friends. Have face to face interaction
Secondary Co-Operation
Found in secondary groups such as govts and industrial hoses and so on where people co-operate for certain interests
Tertiary Co-Operation
- Found when people or groups which otherwise compete with each other, co-operate to get a common aim. Like political parties working together during a disaster
- Co-operation is highly essential for mintaining social order. therefore, it is considered as an associative social process. Co-operation involves two elements, common end and organised efforts.
Competition
Competition is a struggle for position to gain economic status. it is contest to obtain something, which doesn՚t exist in adequate quantity to meet the demand. In other words, competition is a social process where individuals and groups try to acquire something which is scarce. It is the fundamental form of social struggle and occurs when demand outruns supply.
Characteristics of Competition
Conflict
it՚s another form of social interaction which is a process of opposition. The process of conflicts arises when the norms and values of one group oppose other or a group starts arguing for its dominance. The process of conflict includes abhorrence, animosity, antagonistic attitude, contempt, enmity, hatred, rivalry and tension etc. Conflict can also lead to direct confrontation hence this is considered as a dissociative social process. The main difference between competition and conflict is that rules exist in competition while in conflict, there are no rules. Earlier, conflict was considered as antisocial. But later, it was realised that conflict have positive consequences too. Sometimes, conflicts can lead to positive social changes.