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Sociology: Co-Operation, Competition and Conflict: Types of Co-Operation and Characteristics of Competition

Social Process as Social Interaction

  • Social processes are abstract and unconscious in nature, whereas social interaction is concrete, based on reciprocity, real and social contact situation. This depends upon the nature of interaction, which may include the historical, cultural, political and economic, religious and social aspects. Interaction refers to an action done in response to another action in past. It becomes social process when interaction is repeated. Social process and social interaction are inter related to one another and one can՚t exist without the other.
  • Social processes mean various modes of interaction between individuals or groups including co-operation and conflict, social differentiation and integration, development, arrest and decay.
  • Social interaction is concrete, real and based on communication, social contact and reciprocal relationship. Hence this is a complex process and comprises three major forms of interaction: co-operation, conflict and competition.

Co-Operation

Co-operation generally means working together for a common objective.

Types of Co-Operation

Direct Co-Operation

When individuals perform similar actions together it is direct co-operation like farming

Indirect Co-Operation

Here people perform dissimilar actions towards a common end with each having a specialised role like building a house

Primary Co-Operation

Found in primary groups such as family, friends. Have face to face interaction

Secondary Co-Operation

Found in secondary groups such as govts and industrial hoses and so on where people co-operate for certain interests

Tertiary Co-Operation

  • Found when people or groups which otherwise compete with each other, co-operate to get a common aim. Like political parties working together during a disaster
  • Co-operation is highly essential for mintaining social order. therefore, it is considered as an associative social process. Co-operation involves two elements, common end and organised efforts.

Competition

Competition is a struggle for position to gain economic status. it is contest to obtain something, which doesn՚t exist in adequate quantity to meet the demand. In other words, competition is a social process where individuals and groups try to acquire something which is scarce. It is the fundamental form of social struggle and occurs when demand outruns supply.

Characteristics of Competition

Illustration: Characteristics of Competition

Conflict

it՚s another form of social interaction which is a process of opposition. The process of conflicts arises when the norms and values of one group oppose other or a group starts arguing for its dominance. The process of conflict includes abhorrence, animosity, antagonistic attitude, contempt, enmity, hatred, rivalry and tension etc. Conflict can also lead to direct confrontation hence this is considered as a dissociative social process. The main difference between competition and conflict is that rules exist in competition while in conflict, there are no rules. Earlier, conflict was considered as antisocial. But later, it was realised that conflict have positive consequences too. Sometimes, conflicts can lead to positive social changes.

Characteristics of Conflict

Illustration: Characteristics of Conflict