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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA Differences in Biology Import Concepts Must to Know

Question. Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA.

Answer:

Prokaryotic DNA:

  • The DNA which is carried by prokaryotes is called prokaryotic DNA. Prokaryotic DNA is found in the cytoplasm of
  • bacteria. Some prokaryotic DNA is found as the circular plasmids, carrying additional information. That means
  • prokaryotic DNA does not contain an enclosing nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic DNA is packed into a single circular
  • chromosome. It resides in the region called nucleoid in the cytoplasm. Nucleoid associated proteins are involved in
  • the packaging of the prokaryotic chromosome in the nucleoid. They help prokaryotic DNA to form a looped structure.
  • The size of the prokaryotic DNA is around to million base pairs, depending on the species. Prokaryotic
  • DNA contains a small number of genes. Functionally related genes are organized into operons. Since prokaryotic
  • DNA is rich with genes; the amount of non-functional DNA is less. Prokaryotic DNA replication is relatively simple.
  • Prokaryotic chromosome contains a single origin of replication where the initiation of DNA replication occurs.
  • Therefore, a single replication folk and bubble is formed during the replication. The speed of the replication is
  • relatively high in prokaryotes, nucleotides per second.
Illustration: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA Differences in Biology Import Concepts Must to Know

Eukaryotic DNA:

  • The DNA which is contained by eukaryotes is called eukaryotic DNA. Eukaryotic DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Some eukaryotic DNA is found in organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria as well.
  • Eukaryotic DNA is enclosed by a nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic DNA is organized into several linear chromosomes.
  • Histones are the proteins, involved in the packaging of eukaryotic chromosomes inside the nucleus. Tight coiling and dense packing are the features of the packing of eukaryotic chromosomes.
  • Eukaryotes consist of a large number of base pairs in their chromosomes. Most of the eukaryotic DNA consist of several copies of the genome. The size of the human genome is around billion base pairs, arranged into homologous chromosome pairs.
  • Eukaryotic genes are encoded for a single protein. Multiple proteins can be achieved by alternative splicing of exons during post transcriptional modifications. The gene density of eukaryotic DNA is low.
  • Hence, the amount of non-functional DNA is high in eukaryotic DNA. Eukaryotic DNA replication occurs through multiple origins of replication. The speed of the replication is low in eukaryotes, nucleotides per second.
Illustration: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA Differences in Biology Import Concepts Must to Know
Table of Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA
Differentiating PropertyProkaryotic DNAEukaryotic DNA
LocationProkaryotic DNA is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells as well as circular plasmids.Eukaryotic DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, inside the chloroplast and mitochondria.
Organelle DNAProkaryotic DNA is not found inside organelles.Some of the eukaryotic DNA is found inside chloroplast and mitochondria as well.
SizeThe size of the DNA is less than in prokaryotes.The size of the DNA is high in eukaryotes, usually more than .
GC/AT ContentGC content is more than the AT content.AT content is more than content.
Number of CopiesProkaryotic DNA consists of one copy of the genome.Eukaryotic DNA consists of more than one copies of the genome.
Number of GenesProkaryotic DNA contains a small number of genes.Eukaryotic DNA contains a large number of genes.
Number of ChromosomesProkaryotic DNA is organized into a single chromosome.Eukaryotic DNA is organized into many chromosomes.
HistonesProkaryotic DNA is not packed with histones.Eukaryotic DNA found in the nucleus packed with histones.
Circular/LinearProkaryotic DNA is circular. Hence, they do not have ends.Eukaryotic DNA is linear, containing two ends.
IntronsIntrons are absent in prokaryotic DNA.Eukaryotic DNA consist of introns, interrupting the sequence of the coding region.
Non-functional DNAProkaryotic DNA contains fewer amounts of non-functional DNA.Eukaryotic DNA contains higher amounts of non-functional DNA.
TransposonsProkaryotic DNA lacks transposons.Eukaryotic DNA consists of transposons.
DNA ReplicationProkaryotic DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm.Eukaryotic DNA replication occurs in the nucleus.
Origin of ReplicationProkaryotic chromosome contains a single origin of replication.Eukaryotic chromosome contains many origins of replication.
EfficiencyProkaryotic DNA replication is rapid, nucleotides are added per second.Eukaryotic DNA replication is slow, nucleotides are added per second.
OccurrenceOccurs as a covalent closed circular form of DNA.Occurs as a linear form of DNA with two ends.
NucleosomeThere is no formation of nucleosome.There is a formation of nucleosome.
Quantity of the DNAThe quantity of the DNA is comparatively less.The quantity of the DNA is more.
ChromosomeDo not form chromosomes.Forms chromosomes in the nucleus.