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Plant Tissue Culture: Definition and Meaning, Types of Pant Tissue Culture
Definition and Meaning of Plant Tissue Culture
- It can be defined as a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, or organs.
- It is done under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition.
- Many plant cells could regenerate a whole plant (totipotency) .
- It uses plant material in a growing medium to grow new platelets.
- In quick succession, the Tissue Culture helps in growing multiple uniform plants.
Types of Pant Tissue Culture
Seed Culture
- This is done to get the different kinds of explants from aseptically grown plants.
- Helps in better maintenance of aseptic tissue.
- This is also considered the best method for raising the sterile seedling.
Embryo Culture
- It is the sterile isolation and growth of an immature or mature embryo in vitro.
- The goal of obtaining a viable plant.
- The viable seedlings are developed due to the excision of embryos and culturing them into nutrient media.
Meristem Culture
- This method is also known as meristem-tip culture, most frequently produce virus free plants.
- Disease free plants can be obtained using the apical meristem of shoots of angiosperm and gymnosperms.
Bud Culture
It is a single nod culture wherein each node of the stem is cut and allowed to grow on a nutrient media.
Callus Culture
- Callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound in living plants.
- Callus formation is induced from plant tissue samples (explants) after surface sterilization.
- The dedifferentiated plant cells induced on media usually containing high auxin concentrations.
Cell Suspension Culture
- It is growing of individual cells that have been obtained from any kind of explant tissue or callus.
- There is a transfer of pieces of tissue explant⟋callus into liquid medium.
- The cells are also sub-cultured into a new medium just like callus culture.
Protoplast Culture
- It is the culture of cells devoid of cell wall.
- In either liquid or semisolid agar media plates, isolated protoplasts are usually cultured.
Anther Culture
- It means plant regeneration from the haploid microspore cells.
- The aim is of haploid and dihaploid plant production.
- To produce callus from the pollen mass, the anthers bear the uninucleate microspores that are selected and allowed to grow in medium.
Uses of Plant Tissue Culture
- It can be used in the reproduction of a wide variety of species.
- A plant՚s yield can be increased dramatically within lesser amount of time.
- It can also be used to promote the survival of a rare plant or an endangered species.
- It helps to supply the consumer market with new subspecies and variety.
- The new plants are more likely to be free of viruses and diseases.
Disadvantages of Tissue Culture
- It requires more labour and high cost.
- The propagated plants may be less resilient to the diseases.
- Due to the type of environment, they are grown in.
- Any failure regarding the abnormalities can lead to the new plants being infected.
- The new explants or cells՚ growth gets stunted or even die off.
FAQs
Q 1. What is a Plant Tissue Culture?
Answer: A Plant Tissue Culture can be defined as a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, or organs.
Q 2. What are the types of Plant Tissue Culture?
Answer: There are 8 types of Plant Tissue Culture Namely Seed Culture, Embryo Culture, Bud Culture, Meristem Culture, Callus Culture, Cell Suspension Culture, Protoplast Culture, Anther Culture.
Q 3. List two important uses or advantage of Plant Tissue Culture?
Answer:
Two important uses or advantages of Plant Tissue Culture are:
(i) It can be used in the reproduction of a wide variety of species.
(ii) It helps to supply the consumer market with new subspecies and variety.