Plant Tissue Culture: Definition and Meaning, Types of Pant Tissue Culture

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Definition and Meaning of Plant Tissue Culture

It can be defined as a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, or organs.
It is done under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition.
Many plant cells could regenerate a whole plant (totipotency).
It uses plant material in a growing medium to grow new platelets.
In quick succession, the Tissue Culture helps in growing multiple uniform plants.

Types of Pant Tissue Culture

Seed Culture

This is done to get the different kinds of explants from aseptically grown plants.
- Helps in better maintenance of aseptic tissue.
This is also considered the best method for raising the sterile seedling.

Embryo Culture

It is the sterile isolation and growth of an immature or mature embryo in vitro.
- The goal of obtaining a viable plant.
The viable seedlings are developed due to the excision of embryos and culturing them into nutrient media.

Meristem Culture

This method is also known as meristem-tip culture, most frequently produce virus free plants.
Disease free plants can be obtained using the apical meristem of shoots of angiosperm and gymnosperms.

Bud Culture

It is a single nod culture wherein each node of the stem is cut and allowed to grow on a nutrient media.

Callus Culture

Callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound in living plants.
Callus formation is induced from plant tissue samples (explants) after surface sterilization.
The dedifferentiated plant cells induced on media usually containing high auxin concentrations.

Cell Suspension Culture

It is growing of individual cells that have been obtained from any kind of explant tissue or callus.
There is a transfer of pieces of tissue explant/callus into liquid medium.
The cells are also sub-cultured into a new medium just like callus culture.

Protoplast Culture

It is the culture of cells devoid of cell wall.
In either liquid or semisolid agar media plates, isolated protoplasts are usually cultured.

Anther Culture

It means plant regeneration from the haploid microspore cells.
The aim is of haploid and dihaploid plant production.
To produce callus from the pollen mass, the anthers bear the uninucleate microspores that are selected and allowed to grow in medium.

Uses of Plant Tissue Culture

It can be used in the reproduction of a wide variety of species.
A plant’s yield can be increased dramatically within lesser amount of time.
It can also be used to promote the survival of a rare plant or an endangered species.
It helps to supply the consumer market with new subspecies and variety.
The new plants are more likely to be free of viruses and diseases.

Disadvantages of Tissue Culture

It requires more labour and high cost.
The propagated plants may be less resilient to the diseases.
- Due to the type of environment, they are grown in.
Any failure regarding the abnormalities can lead to the new plants being infected.
The new explants or cells’ growth gets stunted or even die off.

FAQs

Q 1. What is a Plant Tissue Culture?

Answer: A Plant Tissue Culture can be defined as a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues, or organs.

Q 2. What are the types of Plant Tissue Culture?

Answer: There are 8 types of Plant Tissue Culture Namely Seed Culture, Embryo Culture, Bud Culture, Meristem Culture, Callus Culture, Cell Suspension Culture, Protoplast Culture, Anther Culture.

Q 3. List two important uses or advantage of Plant Tissue Culture?

Answer:

Two important uses or advantages of Plant Tissue Culture are:

i) It can be used in the reproduction of a wide variety of species.

ii) It helps to supply the consumer market with new subspecies and variety.