States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Plasma, Boyle՚s Law, Charles՚ Law (For CBSE, ICSE, IAS, NET, NRA 2022)

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The intermolecular forces run between the particles of matter.
States of matter are forms in which matter exists.
There exists a pure electrostatic force between two ions which are oppositely charged.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It consists of subatomic particles, atoms, ions, and compounds.
The intermolecular forces are different from these pure electrostatic forces.
Determining the state of matter is done by the competition between intermolecular interactions and thermal energy.
Sometimes these particles are tightly bound and close together, while other times particles are loosely connected and widely separated.
Various properties of matter in bulk, such as a change in state, characteristics of liquids and solids, gases behavior depends on two factors:
- The interaction type between them
- The energy of constituent particles
The change of state does not affect the chemical properties of a substance, but the change in the physical state affects the reactivity.

Solid

It is a state of matter with a defined shape and volume.
Atoms, ions, and molecules in a solid pack tightly together and may form crystals. Examples of solids include rocks, ice, diamond, and wood.

It is a state of matter with a defined volume, but no defined shape. In other words, liquids take the shape of their container.
Particles in a liquid have more energy than in a solid, so they are further apart and less organized (more random) .
Examples of liquids include water, juice, and vegetable oil.

It is a state of matter lacking either a defined volume or defined shape. Like a liquid, a gas takes the shape of a container.
Unlike a liquid, a gas easily expands or contracts to fill the entire volume of the container.
Particles in a gas have more energy than in solids or liquids.
Examples of gases include air, water vapor, and helium.

Plasma is a state of matter like a gas, except all the particles carry an electrical charge.
It tends to exist at very low pressure, so the particles are even further apart than in a gas.
It can consist of ions, electrons, or protons.
Examples of plasma include lightning, the aurora, the Sun, and the inside of a neon sign.

Charles՚s Law states that the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at constant pressure.
Boyle՚s law, also referred to as the Boyle – Mariotte law, or Mariotte՚s law, is an experimental gas law that describes how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the container decreases.
It is expressed as PV = k where P is pressure, V is volume and k are constant. This law is also referred to as the Boyle-Mariotte law or Mariotte՚s law.

Charles՚s Law states that the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure at a constant temperature.
Charles՚s law is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated.
It is expressed as V/T = k where V is the volume of gas, T is the temperature of the gas, and k is constant.
A modern statement of Charles՚s law is: When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion.
The temperature is measured in Kelvin scale. This law is also termed as the law of volumes.