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Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2

Q: 7. Describe the following:

(A) synapsis

(B) bivalent

(C) Chiasmata

Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.

Answer:

(A) Synapsis

The pairing of homologous chromosomes is called synapsis. This occurs during the second stage of prophase I or Zygotene.

Illustration: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2

(B) Bivalent

Bivalent or tetrad is a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes. They are formed during the Zygotene stage of prophase I of meiosis.

Illustration: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2

(C) Chiasmata

Chiasmata is the site where two sister chromatids have crossed over. It represents the site of crossover. It is formed during the diplotene stage of prophase I of meiosis.

Illustration: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2

Q: 8. How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells?

Answer:

Table Supporting: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2
Cytokinesis in plant cellsCytokinesis in animal cells
(i)The division of the cytoplasm takes place by cell plate formation.(i)The division of the cytoplasm takes place by cleavage.
(ii)Cell plate formation starts at the centre of the cell and grows outward, toward the lateral walls.(ii)Cleavage starts at the periphery

and then moves inward, dividing the cell into two parts.

Illustration: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2

Q: 9. Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where they are found unequal in size.

Answer:

(A) Spermatogenesis or the formation of sperms in human beings occurs by the process of meiosis. It results in the formation of four equal-sized daughter cells.

(B) Oogenesis or the formation of ovum in human beings occurs by the process of meiosis. It results in the formation of four daughter cells which are unequal in size.

Illustration: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2

Q: 10. Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.

Answer:

Table Supporting: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2
Anaphase of mitosisAnaphase I of meiosis
Anaphase is the stage during which the centromere splits and the chromatids separate. The chromosomes move apart, toward the opposite

poles. These chromosomes are genetically identical.

During anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes separate, while the chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.

Hence, in anaphase I, the chromosomes of each bivalent pair separate, while the sister chromatids remain together.

Illustration: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2
Anaphase
Illustration: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2
Anaphase I

Q: 11. List the main differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Answer:

Table Supporting: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2
MitosisMeiosis
1.In mitotic division, a single division results in two daughter cells.1.Meiotic division involves two successive divisions – meiosis I and meiosis II. These divisions result in four daughter cells.
2.Mitosis is known as equational division. This is because the daughter cells have the same diploid number of chromosomes as the parent.2.Meiosis I is known as reductional

division. This is because the chromosome number is reduced to half.

Meiosis II is known as equational division. This is because the sister chromatids separate and the chromosome number remains the same

3.Prophase is short and does not comprise any phase.3.Prophase I is very long and comprises 5 phases-leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis.
4.There is no pairing of chromosomes, crossing-over, or Chiasmata-formation during

prophase.

4.In the zygotene stage of prophase, the pairing of chromosomes occurs. During pachytene, the crossing-over occurs. The chiasmata are formed in the diplotene stage.
5.Synaptonemal complex is not formed.5.Synaptonemal complex is formed during the zygotene stage of prophase I.
6.Anaphase involves the separation of the chromatids of each chromosome.6.During anaphase I, the homologous

chromosomes separate, while the chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.

During anaphase II, the chromatids separate as a result of the splitting of

the centromere.

7.Mitosis plays a significant role in the healing, repair, and growth of

a cell.

7.Meiosis brings about variation and maintains the chromosome number from generation to generation.
8.
Illustration: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2
8.
Illustration: Biology Class 11 NCERT Solutions: Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division Part 2