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Nomenclature and General Principles: Classification of Hydrocarbons

Classification of Hydrocarbons

Open-Chain or Aliphatic Compounds

  • This class includes all hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated) and their derivatives which have open-chain structures.
  • Saturated hydrocarbons are those which contain single bonds between all carbon atoms.

Examples,

and

Unsaturated compounds contain a double or a triple bond between two carbon atoms.

For example,

Illustration: Open-Chain or Aliphatic Compounds

Closed-Chain or Cyclic Compounds

These compounds have at least one ring (cyclic) system.

These are divided into two sub-classes:

  • Homocyclic
  • Heterocyclic

Homocyclic or carbocyclic are those in which the ring is formed by carbon atoms only.

Homocyclic (carbocyclic) compounds can be divided into two groups:

Alicyclic Compound

This group includes saturated and unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons which resembles with the aliphatic hydrocarbons in properties.

For example,

Illustration: Alicyclic Compound

Aromatic Compounds

  • The group of Homocyclic compounds having special set of properties are called aromatic compounds.
  • They have characteristic smell or aroma and called aromatic.
  • These include aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. e. g.
Illustration: Aromatic Compounds

Heterocyclic compounds contain one or more atom (usually , or atom) other than the carbon atoms. e. g.

Illustration: Aromatic Compounds
Illustration: Aromatic Compounds

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) defines naming the organic compounds throughout the world.

Homologous Series

  • A series of compounds in which the molecular formula of a compound differ from those of its neighbouring compounds by the group is known as Homologous Series.
  • For example, homologous series of open chain saturated hydrocarbons is known as alkanes.
  • Open chain unsaturated hydrocarbons form two series of compounds namely alkenes and alkynes, which contains carbon-carbon double bond and triple bond, respectively.

Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons

Illustration: Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons