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Nomenclature and General Principles: Classification of Hydrocarbons
Classification of Hydrocarbons
Open-Chain or Aliphatic Compounds
- This class includes all hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated) and their derivatives which have open-chain structures.
- Saturated hydrocarbons are those which contain single bonds between all carbon atoms.
Examples,
and
Unsaturated compounds contain a double or a triple bond between two carbon atoms.
For example,
Closed-Chain or Cyclic Compounds
These compounds have at least one ring (cyclic) system.
These are divided into two sub-classes:
- Homocyclic
- Heterocyclic
Homocyclic or carbocyclic are those in which the ring is formed by carbon atoms only.
Homocyclic (carbocyclic) compounds can be divided into two groups:
Alicyclic Compound
This group includes saturated and unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons which resembles with the aliphatic hydrocarbons in properties.
For example,
Aromatic Compounds
- The group of Homocyclic compounds having special set of properties are called aromatic compounds.
- They have characteristic smell or aroma and called aromatic.
- These include aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. e. g.
Heterocyclic compounds contain one or more atom (usually , or atom) other than the carbon atoms. e. g.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) defines naming the organic compounds throughout the world.
Homologous Series
- A series of compounds in which the molecular formula of a compound differ from those of its neighbouring compounds by the group is known as Homologous Series.
- For example, homologous series of open chain saturated hydrocarbons is known as alkanes.
- Open chain unsaturated hydrocarbons form two series of compounds namely alkenes and alkynes, which contains carbon-carbon double bond and triple bond, respectively.