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Geography: Data Collection, Processing and Analysis: Merits of the Mode, Growth of Population in India
Merits of the Mode
- It is the most typical value of a series. Mode can be located easily by the inspection and can be used by common people also.
- The occurrence of a few extreme values does not affect the mode, since it is the most typical value of series.
- It is, however, not a significant measure of central tendency unless the number of observations is large. Both in case of uniform as well as skewed distributions, mode ceases to be a measure of central tendency.
Percentiles: Percentile is a measure which divides a series into 100 equal parts. It helps to understand various classes or categories that constitute a distribution. It is expressed as:
Where, P is the percentile and N is the number of observations.
There are 99 percentiles, P1 P2 … P99
L1 = The lower limit of the jth percentile class, this is frequency of this class,
C = is the cumulative frequency of the class preceding the percentile class,
h = the magnitude of the jth percentile class, and
f = the frequency of the percentile class.
Distribution of Monthly Income Among Households of a Locality
Actual Number | Percentage Distribution | |
---|---|---|
Economically weaker sections (Below ₹ 500) | 112 | 56.0 |
Lower Income Group (500 - 999) | 41 | 20.5 |
Middle Income Group (1000 - 4999) | 29 | 14.5 |
High Income Group (5000 and above) | 18 | 9.0 |
Total | 200 | 100 = 0 |
Distribution of Per Capita Monthly Income of the Households of a Locality
Income group in ₹ | No. of Households Frequency | Cumulative Frequency |
---|---|---|
Below 500 | 112 | 112 |
500 - 999 | 41 | 153 |
1000 - 4999 | 29 | 182 |
5000 and above | 18 | 200 |
Total | 200 |
Let us calculate 60th percentile as P60.
Now,
The 120 the income lies in the group 500 – 999 so that,
L1 = 500, f = 41, C = 112, and h = 500
Ans. =
It means that 60 percent of the monthly incomes are below ₹ 597.56 and remaining 40 percent are above it.
Cartographic Presentation of Data
The primary data collected through the field survey may be presented cartographically. The representation of data in visual form refers either to time, space, or to both. The cartographic presentation refers to the display of data by constructing graphs, diagrams and maps. The set of data is transformed into some form of figure which is used for illustrations. These figures could be graphic, geometric or theme specific maps. A brief discussion on different form of cartographic presentation is given here.
Graphical Presentation of Data
The graph refers to the arrangement of horizontal as well as vertical lines in inch or centimetre՚s divisions. These divisions are in an arithmetic sequence. A graph is used to locate the position of a given characteristic with respect to two variables represented by two axes of the graph. While ordinate or X axis represents independent variable, abscissa or Y axis represents the dependent variable. Due care is needed in the construction and interpretation of graphs. Theoretically, a phenomenon could be either increasing or decreasing or keeping constant trend of change across time. However, the observed facts may represent the change in a mixed fashion. For example, we can make use of simple line graph to represent the profile of Indian population during the past ten decades i.e.. 1901 to 2001. Although we can see changes in the data, the presentation of the same on a line graph provides better comprehension.
Growth of Population in India (1901 - 2001)
(Population in million persons)
Year | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | 238.4 | 252.1 | 251.4 | 279.0 | 318.7 | 361.1 | 439.3 | 548.2 | 683.4 | 846.5 | 1028.8 |
Compound Graphs: These graphs are being used to represent two or more dependent quantities at the same time. Different quantities represented by curves are either superimposed on the top of each other or placed on the each other in a cumulative way. For example, compound graphs of male and female population or rural and urban population can be used to represent the two segments of population. Similarly, variables having three or four segments can also be represented through compound graph. For example, energy production (thermal, hydel, and nuclear) , migration streams (rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-rural, and urban-urban) and religious composition of population (Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, etc.) represent various segments of the variable.
Sex Ratio of Population of India
(Population in million)
Years | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 120.9 | 128.3 | 128.5 | 142.9 | 163.7 | 185.5 | 226.2 | 284.2 | 354.3 | 439.2 | 532.1 |
Female | 117.4 | 123.7 | 122.7 | 135.9 | 154.9 | 175.5 | 212.9 | 264.1 | 307 | 407.1 | 496.4 |