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Types of Traditional Media: Drama, Street Theatre, Puppetry, Music and Dance

Types of Traditional Media

Illustration: Types of Traditional Media

Drama

Drama is one of the most popular forms of traditional media. Performance themes are from their own sufferings, daily work, future dreams and Mythology.

Illustration: Drama

Street Theatre

This is a performance medium drawing its techniques from traditional drama forms in India. They are performed in any nuked (street corner) , street, market place etc. In such a situation, the audience and the performers are on the same level, emphasizing the fact that the performers are not different from the audience themselves. Close eye-contact with the audience is an important element in street theatre which keeps them busy with the action of the play. The sole purpose of street theatre is to motivate the audience to take a quick and required action on a particular issue. A majority of street plays in India are based on socio-political issues. Some of these are based on current events, others are on subjects like communalism, terrorism, police atrocities, bride burning, dowry system, caste inequalities, elections, industrial and agricultural exploitation, alcoholism, illiteracy, drug addiction and female foeticide. Street theatre artists try to spread positive ménages in the society.

Puppetry

The word puppet comes from the French Poupee or the Latin Pupa , both meaning dolls . In Sanskrit, puppets are termed Putraka , Putrika or Puttalika , all of which are derived from the root Putta equivalent to Putra (son) . It is derived from ancient Indian thoughts that puppets have life.

There are four basic kinds of puppets:

  • glove puppets
  • string puppets
  • rod puppets
  • shadow puppets

Glove Puppets are mostly found in Orissa, Kerala & TN. Puppeteers wear them on the hand and manipulate their heads and arms with their fingers. they are also known as sleeve puppets, hand puppets or palm puppets. The glove puppet in Orissa is called Kundahei Nach. in⟋Kerala, it is known as Paavakkoothu.

  • The string puppet (or marionetter) is a figure with multiple joints and suspended by a string which is controlled. String puppets are found in Rajasthan, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. In this, the stress is more on the manipulative skills of the puppeteer. they are known as katputhlis in Rajasthan, Sakhi Kundhei of Orissa, Putla Nach of Assam, Malasutri Bhaulya of Maharashtra, Bommalattam of Tamilnadu and Gombey Atta of Karnataka.
  • Rod puppets are an extension of glove puttets but often much larger. They are fixed to heavy bamboo sticks which are tied to the puppeteer՚s waist. These are three-dimensional moving figures that are manipulated with the help of rods. this is known as Putual Nauch in West Bengal, Yampuri of Bihar and Kathi Kundhei of Orissa
  • shadows of puppets are used in black and white or in colour. The flat figures, usually made of leather, are lightly pressed on a transparent screen with a strong source of light behind. The screen thus forms the barrier between the audience and the puppet, creating the projection of image. The impact on the audience, surrounded by darkness all around, is quite dramatic. The screen in India is a simple sheet stretched on an adjustable frame . found in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra and Orissa.

Music and Dance

Music and dance in India are among the oldest forms of classical arts with a tradition that dates back to several centuries. These traditions are fundamentally similar, but they have different names and are also performed in different styles. Dance puts the rhythm and movement in the play and continuously captures audience attention. In our country, music is so much interwoven with the people. There are songs to celebrate the seasonal rhythms in nature, songs of the ploughman and boatman, of the shepherd and camel driver. There are even songs of villages and of the forests. It is music which has always lent harmony to the pulse of human activity in India. Traditional music of India is the most natural representation of the emotions of the masses. Although folk music originated within small regions, it has reached out to touch the hearts of masses across India. Some of the popular regional music in India is listed below:

  • Marathi Bhajans based on traditional ragas.
  • Rajasthani folk calling Mand.
  • Ghazal is an Urdu poetry that is sung.
  • Qawwali is a high-pitched and fast paced style of singing that was developed in the thirteenth century. It is more inclined to Hindustani Music.

Traditional Motifs and Symbols

India is a country of motifs and symbols where traditional art forms, figures and ritual drawings have existed for many centuries. These art forms include symbols, floor motifs, folk murals, traditional textile designs, scroll paintings etc. The symbols in India are the outcomes of mythology, religious beliefs, traditions and philosophy.

Paintings

  • Primitive man was unaware of words, but he was able to draw a pictures. Throughout different periods of history, we find a definite established tradition of painting on various objects, particularly on intimate objects of everyday use, floors and walls; and in almost every instance, the depiction being associated with some ritual.
  • In Bundelkhand, painting is usually done by a caste of professional painters called Chiteras.
  • In the paintings of Chhattisgarh, mud plaster base is used, over which linear patterns are etched with fingers: the process is called ‘Lipai’ . The women of the Raj war community are specialists in ‘Lipai’ , whereas Pando and Satnami communities make linear designs similar to a woven fabric.
  • The Bhils and Bhilala tribes of Madhya Pradesh paint myths related to creation called pithora paintings. Horses, elephants, tigers, birds, gods, men and objects of daily life are painted in bright multi-coloured hues.
  • In the Gondwana region, unmatched creative vision has been shown by the Gond and the Pradhan tribes who have impressed audiences at exhibitions in Japan, France, Australia and other countries.
  • The Malwa, Nimar and Tanwarghar regions of Madhya Pradesh are known for their mandana wall and floor painting traditions. Red clay and cow dung mixture is used as base material to plaster the surface against which white drawings stand out in contrast. Peacocks, cats, lions, goojari, bawari, swastik and chowk are some motifs of this style.

Story Telling

A story connects us with our humanness and links the past, present, and future by teaching us to anticipate the possible consequences of our actions. Telling involves direct contact between the teller and the listener. It permits the direct presentation of the story by the teller. There are stories like the Panchatantra and stories from mythology like Ramayana and Mahabharata where local heroes have always travelled from one generation to another by word of mouth. This is an effective way of motivating children.