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Psychology: Personality Theories: Psychoanalytical Perspective

Personality word was taken from Greek word “persona” which literally means large masks worn by actors worn during play in Greek drama. Personality refers to characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. There are several perspective through which personality can be explained. The four major theoretical perspectives are psychoanalytical, trait, humanistic and social-cognitive perspective.

Illustration: Psychology: Personality Theories: Psychoanalytical Perspective

Psychoanalytical Perspective

This perspective was founded by Sigmund Freud. The theory gives high emphasis on unconscious, sexual and aggressive instincts and early childhood experience. Freud stated that there are three levels of awareness and psychological forces operate. The three levels of awareness are

  • Conscious level refers to the feelings that one is aware of.
  • Preconscious level refers to the feeling that one is not currently aware of.
  • Unconscious level refers to the feeling that one is not aware of.

Personality structure consists of three structures- Id, Ego and Superego. It is unconscious part of personality and is irrational in nature. It operates on pleasure principle. Ego is involved in working with real world. It is conscious and rational part of personality. It works on reality principle. Superego is the internal representation of society and one՚s value. Superego works as voice of conscience. The stages of psychosexual development are oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.

Defense Mechanism

Ego has to perform a difficult duty of mediating between instinctual demand of Id and moral position of Super Ego. The ego tries to solve the problem by compromising. Some of defense mechanism are denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression and sublimation.

Carl Jung: Collective Unconscious

Jung instead of stressing much on sexual development stresses on collective unconscious. Collective unconscious comprises set of influences inherited from family and human race.

Karen Horney: Basic Anxiety

Basic anxiety refers to the feeling of a child of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world.

Alfred Adler

Adler proposed that the central human motive is that of striving for superiority.

Trait Perspective

  • Trait can be defined as relatively stable and enduring predisposition to behave in certain way.
  • Raymond Cattell developed a trait theory which has 16 source trait.
  • Eysenck proposed a theory which classifies people into four types- introverted-neurotic, introverted- stable, extraverted – stable.
  • McCrae and Costa have proposed a five-factor model- comprising of neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Traits are used to describe behavior and make prediction.

The Social Cognitive Perspective

This perspective was developed by Albert Bandura. It views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and social context.

The Humanistic Perspective

  • These theories propose that within each individual is an active creative force, often called “self” .
  • Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are the main proponents of the humanistic perspective. Abraham Maslow proposed the idea of self-actualized people. He proposed that human motives are arranged in a hierarchy of needs. Carl Rogers thinks that the basic human motive is actualizing tendency. It is the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism.

Concept of Gunas

The Indian approach to personality emphasizes on the combination of three qualities namely, Sattava, Rajas and Tamas. These qualities or Gunas have been discussed in detail in the Samkhya Theory. Bhagavad-Gita has provided an account of these gunas.

Assessing Human Personality

The tool that assess human personality is of three types- observational, self-report and projective.

Factors Influencing Personality

The development of personality of an individual takes place in socio-cultural context. The factors which influence personality are genetic factor, early experience, primary group and culture.