IEO Level 2- English Olympiad (SOF) Class 9 Coaching Programs

⏳ 🎯 Online Tests (2 Tests [50 Questions Each]): NTA Pattern, Analytics & Explanations

Click Here to View & Get Complete Material

Rs. 200.00

3 Year Validity (Multiple Devices)

🎓 Study Material (303 Notes): 2024-2025 Syllabus

Click Here to View & Get Complete Material

Rs. 450.00

3 Year Validity (Multiple Devices)

🎯 250 MCQs (& PYQs) with Full Explanations (2024-2025 Exam)

Click Here to View & Get Complete Material

Rs. 200.00

3 Year Validity (Multiple Devices)

Psychology: Biological and Cultural Shaping of Mind and Behavior

Evolution, Heredity and Environment

Heredity refers to the genetic endowment that a human body inherits from her parents. A person՚s genetic makeup interacts with the environment to influences people՚s and shape the pattern of behavior. Environment includes the physical and social surrounding in which a person lives and grows. The genetic characteristics of the person and environment interact and determine the pattern of behavior that individual display.

The Cell as Basic Unit of Life

The cell is smallest unit and building block of life. All cells contain a fluid called cytoplasm and a nucleus and are enclosed in a cell membrane.

The Neuron

The nervous system are composed of two types of cells- neurons and glia cells. These nerve cells collect information from the environment by means of receptors and then combine the information as well as make the action possible. Glial cells constitute the other half of the nervous system. The neuron consists of three main structure-

  • The soma or cell body is largest part of the neuron.
  • The dendrites are the branches that extend from the cell body and spread out in complex way.
  • The axon is a long fiber that lead away from the cell body

The Nerve Impulse

Never impulse is transmission of information in form of electrical impulse which travels from one neuron to another neuron.

Synapse

The regions where impulses cross from one neuron to the other are called synapses. The synapses are thus junctions between the neurons.

Types of Neuron

Based on the function of neurons there are two types of neuron- receptor neuron and motor neuron. Receptor neuron brings information into the nervous system. Involuntary actions are taken by motor neuron.

The Nervous System

The nervous system has two part- central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The Peripheral Nervous System consists of the group of neurons which transmit information between the CNS and the rest of the body. It is responsible for carrying nerve impulses to and from the body. The peripheral nervous system is divided into somatic and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls the skeletal muscles that help the movement of the body. The neurons in the autonomic nervous system control the involuntary actions in the body such as those performed by heart, stomach and liver. The autonomic nervous system is composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic nervous system deals with emergency situation and parasympathetic system is activated in relaxed situation.

The Central Nervous System

The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

Brain: It is the primary part of CNS. It consists of three structure the cerebrum, the cerebellum and brain stem. The brain stem is also divided into medulla oblongata, the midbrain and the pons.

  • The cerebral cortex: It is the uppermost layer of the brain. It is divided into two halves- left and right hemisphere. The brain has two basic functions: cognitive functions (learning, memory, thinking, etc.) and the regulation of physiology of the body.
  • The lobes of cerebral cortex: The lobes of cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes- frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal lobes.

The Endocrine System

The endocrine glands secrete chemicals that send signals by releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream. The endocrine glands in the body are as follows:

Illustration: The Endocrine System
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal gland
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads

Genetic Influence on Behavior

Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited, or passed on, from parents to the offspring.

Culture and Behavior

The Process of Socialization and Acculturation

Human behavior can be meaningfully understood in a cultural context. Culture consists of the man-made part of environment. Cultures are those practices which have run down from one generation to the other. Cultures are ever changing. They are maintained through the process of socialization. The parents, peers and schools, etc. , act as agents of socialization. The intermingling with other cultures leads to the process of acculturation. The contact may lead to assimilation, isolation or integration in relation to the culture in contact.